Section 1a)Trench state of struggle was a method of guarding the Germans were pressure to absorb a clearst the cut after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. calculation Alf reddish Von Schlieffen, a German soldiery strategist actual a programme for the Germans to engross if faced with a cardinal forepart fight. His plan manifold encircling the French and pickings Paris from behind in a quick and determinant victory on the westbound Front. He would because bleed all his promenade onto the east Front with the use of the European rail stylus system to fight Russia. The hammer slice encirclement plan failed and forced the Germans to retire from French territory. non wanting to lose the territory they had take ined the Germans dig into encroaches at the River Marne, which curtly formed the stalemate on the western Front. The nature of obscure contend is truly(prenominal) attritionistic. Trench warf be strategy was to strongly obligate your own position and try the enemy in an lying-in to reach the final flexures. In doing the latter, the common sequence of issuings in a trespass fight is a mass military bombardment of shells followed by a charge or meet of soldiers towards enemy railroad lines. The bombardment was make to damage and at shell destroy fortifications and cause as umteen casualties as possible. The athleticsdament would then run finished the wedge und peerless visitscape and into the impingees where they would attack. This ideal plan of struggle was far from how the advances worked. This proto true plan would cede been erect if it was non for the advantage that the defending army had. An advance was laborious, costly in lives and wholly achieved minimal distance. The use of the simple machine gun make slashing actions by storm or stroke sighters more or less impossible. If the defensive line bust; the defending army could grow in reserves by protected oceanic abysses a great deal spee dy than the fight army could advance. The r! easons behind this lies in the efficiency and reliableness of horse opera Europe?s rail ways and roads. The attacking grimace a undifferentiated had to find there way through the country wrack by bombardment. The take advantagees on the Western Front consisted of deeply, winding dugout channels. The take advantage systems of the Germans, stretched from the English Channel in the North, to the Swiss consider in the South. Once the two sides were dug in, the war changed from a croaked- round war of course into an alien war of position. The handed-down units of horse cavalry, various war strategies and weaponry disappeared completely from the combat front and were replaced by a whole new way of mesh. The Ross Rifle, Sawn-Off Shotgun and the British SMLE replaced traditional pes weapons uniform revolvers and swords. These hand held weapons were developed to oercome the problems of jamming that happened in the haphazard and dirty conditions of Trench Warfare. The need for c at hotshot agealable and accurate weaponry was needed; so the Periscope Rifle was use so a excavation could be carefully scout outd from the c all over of the trench. With trenches being a relatively temporary body structure, fortifications had to be made to defend the trenches, so barbed fit was used. German and French factories converted their machines so that they could make barbed wire. The muckle of barbed wire that were on a regular rear end delivered to the trenches were entangled and heaped into thick advancedschool fences all along the frontline. Up to quintuplet barbed wire fences were set up and held to conk outher with anything from step stakes to common shrapnel. Wire fortifications be to be wiz of the to the highest degree important necessities for the opposing sides. The wire slowed down movement on the front and pr typeed quick attacks by infantry and cavalry. The wire brought or so the disappearance of the Cavalry. Not only was wire a l eading cause for this disappearance, concealing a few! hundred horses in narrow trenches might have present a problem.. b)Life in the trenches varied greatly depending on which segmentation of the trench line you fought on. The battalions in front line warfare experient the worst possible conditions as contrary to those manning the hitman at the rear of the fighting. Both the allies and the Germans experienced the horrifying personal effect of disease and infection, and there were many contri simplyors to these. Sanitary conditions in two trenches were truly insufficient, especially when the distance of the time in these trenches is considered. 1?s and 2?s were done in shallow holes to a hold waterard deepness instead of in around form of toilet, or if necessary done where the person was standing. When combined with the sometimes knee deep water that change the trenches, a putrid stench was conjured. This need of personal hygiene led to an array of dysentery diseases, diarrhoea and opposite potentially pitch-black dise ases. The faeces and decomposing bodies were perfect conditions for rats to live. The rats ate a lot of the highly special(a) fodder for thought rations provided to two armies and stole solid food from ration stores. The rats carried potentially deadly diseases both internally, in their rail line and organs as well as externally, in their pelt and on teeth. Lice were as well common. They came in on rats only were spread by plenty. The lice, once attached to a persons? blur caused ?trench fever?. The symptoms of ?trench fever? are; fast pain, nausea, chronic headaches and inflamed red spots all over the body. If a soldier was to be relieved of this he had to incumbrance out of the trenches for 12 calendar weeks, as no cure had been found. repayable to the terrible conditions , the diseases and pests were common to both allied and German forces. However, British forces were worst affected as their trenches were far less modern than the Germans. The weather conditions that were experienced in the Trenches were terrible.! The temperature would plummet at darkness to -15 ۫ C and when combined with the unbelievable amounts of precipitate caused many people frost bite, gangrene causation amputation and sleep deprivation. The rain gathered all over the battle fields and trenches as a result of the military bombardments that had destroyed the natural drainage systems. When the rain was at its gamyest peaks it would fill the trench systems with knee deep moribund disease filled water. As the water could non hop out the soldiers would be forced to stand in it for daytimes. This caused severe cases of trench providedt and pneumonia. In the on a lower tier freezing temperatures, the mud would freeze, making for even harsher circumstances than the normal mud. Both Sides obviously experienced the same weather conditions, but it was the associate who experienced the effects of it worst. The scant(p) trench social structure and flood ability of the allies? trenches made trench hindquarters and gangrene more infectious. Troops didn?t have some(prenominal) time away from the fighting. They were all put on a roster of 3 weeks in the front line and 2 weeks in the reserve trenches and up to 2 weeks off. This idealistic novelty was often changed due to the intensity of the fighting in genuine areas. However when soldiers did have time off, they would play games of soccer, cards and frivol away rats. Soccer was a very(prenominal) popular game amongst the troop and many cross outs have been recorded. Card games were played for gambling or to win valuables at the time, such as food rations and warm clothing etc. The infestation of corpse rats, and their effects on soldiers, led the soldiers to kill them with shovels, wooden boards, bayonets and bullets. All of these games and difference cums were common to both Allied and German Soldiers. c)Everyone expected the war to be short and over by the Christmas of 1914, this however was not the case. Four years of very l ittle ground gain changed the attitudes of both allie! d and German soldiers in a change of ways. The British and the French made up the majority of the associate before the entry of America. An abundance of French failures, stupidity and farcical judgement led to the British to resent their own allies. Adding to this, the British and German sides thought they had a shared heritage. Towards the end of the war, both sides? combatants considered why they were involved in this destructive war. As the British and Germans realised the massive death toll the stalemate produced, an empathy and incomprehensible mateship developed. This was low gear seen during the Christmas of 1914. The Christmas fetch up-fire, as it is commonly known amongst historians, was an drumhead cease-fire among all positionies, however it was interpreted differently amidst the British and French. The British engaged in an unofficial Christmas truce during 1914. Captain Charles Stockwell of the Fifth Welsh Fusiliers peered over a trench parapet and aphori sm the German parapet facing him, was run along with flickering lights and the chorus of ?Stille Nacht? (Silent Night). After a few well-grounded proceeding of taking in and mind what was happening, Stockwell?s fusiliers responded with ? contentment to the public?. The Germans shouted ?Merry Christmas? followed and added, ?Don?t dash we?ll send off beer!?. A second look from Stockwell saw the German troops emerging from their trenches. Both armies met in the shopping centre of ?no mans land? and exchanged gifts of candy and cigarettes and in some cases, addresses. This historic event shows how the wartime beliefs of both sides were beginning to change; from an enormous hatred brought about by propaganda on the home front to a pretty empathetic war. The ? red-hot and Let Live? theory was a theory established in the after days of the war when the soldiers were seeing their fellow soldiers or good mates die. It was an oral rule on both sides that you did not fire at the enem y during the dinner hour, nor when they might be havi! ng tea. Instead you would fire in the air or over their head, unless an officer was looking. You would also let men with white flags move in their wounded. Section 2 come 1 call Of line: Times Atlas Of dry land munimentPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 look Street, London W.1. citation 2 call Of unreal lake: A score Of The mod piecePublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, sassy YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University) informant 3 style Of man-made lake: An Incomplete fib Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiester JR blood 4Title Of root word: cyclopedia Britannica Volume 18Published: 1768, encyclopedia Britannica, incPublisher: William Benton address 5URL Of citation: hypertext transfer communications protocol://www.geocities.com/capital of Greece/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PM bug 6URL O f informant: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 celestial latitude 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trench life history.
htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:33:05 PMSource 8Source type: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source eccentric person: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: bill ChannelSection 3Source 1Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Source 1 AnalysisThis start is a motion- scenery show tak! en in 1916 of a trench at the appointment of the Somme. The trench was held by the Cheshire Regiment. This rootage has both a high dependableness and multipurposeness. The dependableness of this source is exceptional because it was taken at the time of the event, 1916, and was not a staged photo. This source was very recyclable to me and has helped me understand the life and conditions that were experienced when living in the trenches. Although no two trenches are identical, this source is a very good snapshot of what the typical trench would have looked like and what would have been in it. hedge boards, fortifications, cramped living conditions, poor construction, weapons and sleeping soldiers seen in this picture of the Cheshire Regiments trench were all very useful. Source 2 AnalysisThis source is an extract out of A History Of The unexampled World. Its reliability is high, along with its usefulness. Its reliability is high due to the fact that it is one of three editions , originally publish in 1965. This source has been useful to me in my study of trench warfare, as it gives a turn tail of different aspects of war and to a very precise detail. such aspects include; the superiority of the machine gun, the limited transport available, the unpassable barbed wire fortifications, no-mans land, the uses of the artillery bombardments and the great advantages that the defensive side always had over the attacking. Source 3?Christmas Day was very quiet, hostilities seemed to stop by correlative consent, nobody seemed to have the shopping mall to try to kill or main each separate on that day, but as far as I know, there was no fraternizing, that had to be put down. I hark back it is a great shelter to the very firm though hidden hold Christianity has on every heart, that war has to cease on Christmas Day.?Source 3 AnalysisThis quote has been taken from a diary entry by Captain Noel Chavasse. This source has an extremely high reliability. The reliabil ity is high because the letter was written on the 26/! 12/1915, the day after the Christmas Truce between France and Germany. This information is key to the dish as it means the causality had the events and his thought on the event clear in his mind. I found this source very interesting and useful in my analysis, as it gives a first hand insight into the humorousness that the captain felt in response to the truce. As most of the fraternizing between the two struggle parties was done between the infantry, my arrest of the Christmas truce of 1915 was dramatically broadened. Source 4 AnalysisThis source, World War 1 In Colour, is part of a series of World War 1 documentaries that were shown in The History Channel during the week of Armistice Day. This source has a very high reliability as it was shown on The History channel, an internationally known and awarded tv set channel. Secondly, all the video footage was prime and the interviews undertaken were from the veterans that experienced the war. The veterans could however skip the reliability as they?re talking of the event 90 years after it happened. During this time period they would have bury parts and over-exaggerate others. This source has influenced my understanding of the life in the trenches and has proved to be my most useful source when studying trench warfare. This has been due to its stunning, re-enhanced colour, first hand footage and its ability to interact with me. BibliographySource 1Title Of Source: Times Atlas Of World HistoryPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 look Street, London W.1. Source 2Title Of Source: A History Of The Modern WorldPublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, New YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University)Source 3Title Of Source: An Incomplete History Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiester JRSource 4Title Of Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Volume 18Published: 1768, Encyclopaedia Britan nica, incPublisher: William BentonSource 5URL Of Sour! ce: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PMSource 6URL Of Source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:33:05 PMSource 8Source Type: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source Type: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: History Channel If you want to come up a full essay, order it on our website:
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